We have mentioned in a previous article the general rules and bounds of reason in Islam. In light of widespread debate—both internal and external—about the loss of the value of the mind of the Muslims, we elucidated that there is full harmony and compatibility, especially with regard to reason and faith, wherein the mind is considered a proof of a creator. We may also add to this statement that Muslims have in fact succeeded to a large extent at various times in finding coexistence between reason and philosophy, and religion and spiritual life. Aside from the philosophical debate, which way or may not yield results, or may be spoken of contrary to application and conduct, what is the position of Islam on reason and the rational mind?

The question of reason was one of the most important philosophical issues that has preoccupied Muslims since the second Islamic century to the eighth. Philosophers, theologians, physicians and jurists participated in the debate, according to al-Zarkashi; we can also add the grammarians who were interested in deriving linguistic meanings and synonyms. Each scholar looked at the issue from his unique perspective.

The definition of reason has up to a thousand variations, as some say. Islam glorifies reason when associated with virtue and ethics, and it gives it more than one name—all of which refer to its sensible reality and its relationship with wisdom. It is ‘aql, hajr, nuha: it was named ‘reason’ because it reasons one away from ignominious acts and vices; and it was called hajr also because it forbids, i.e. prevents, one from committing vices. Reason (al-‘aql) is also interpreted as a spiritual light by which the self perceives things or discerns necessary and theoretical knowledge. It is also explained as a force or power by which one distinguishes between good and bad.

To comprehend something (‘aql shay’) is to understand it. God says, “After they comprehend it then they know” and He says, “These are signs for those who reason”, “Do they not reason/understand (ya’qilun)”, “And they said, if we had heard or comprehended”, “They do not comprehend it—except for the knowledgable”. Overwhelmingly, the meaning of this word (‘aql) in the Qur’an is to be of correct understanding and perception, or its meanings of “If you were to use reason (ta’qalun)” and “an oath for one of perception (hajr)”. The word lubb (intellect, reason) is also often used in the plural to mean ‘aql (reason): “O people of understanding, perhaps you may be aware of God (tattaqun); and so is the word qalb (intellect, heart), “Verily in this is a reminder to whomever has an intellect (qalb)”, fouad (heart, mind) “…and the hearts (af’ida), that you may be grateful”, and nuha (intelligence, understanding): “Verily in this are signs for those of intelligence”. There is a famous saying that the first thing God created was reason and He said, By my power and might, I have not created anything more noble than you: by you I take and by you I give and by you I punish. Although this saying is not established as being attributed to the Prophet, upon him blessings and peace, it refers to the status of reason and the rational mind amongst Muslims.

Islam makes reason a source of basic knowledge—even the first primary source in creed and belief—and one of the four sources in the institution of Islamic law, according to the Proof of Islam, Abu Hamid al-Ghazali in his al-Mustasfa. Reason (al-‘aql) is one of the five imperatives upon which Islamic law is built, as well as religion, life, lineage, and property. These are the universals that govern the system of legislation in Islam. Reason is the focus of legal capacity and integrity, which the Creator entrusted to Man after the heavens and the earth proved incapable of enduring the burden. Thus did Islam prohibit intoxicants and anything that leads to the absence of reason. It is not possible for a sahih (true) report to contradict pure reason, otherwise clear and explicit reason is preferred, and the report is either brought into context and relation with interpretation (ta’wil) or deemed as inconsistent or unsubstantiated.

The Qur’an has called for utilising reason and thought. When it calls for reflection and thinking about the signs of the universe and the verses of revelation, it is an invitation to insights into the mysteries of creation and the judgment of the command: “Unquestionably, His is the creation and the command”. And pointing to human attention to the proof existing in himself and from himself, “In yourselves, do you not perceive?” and in the universe around him, “We have not created the heave and the earth and all that is between them in vain”, “God has not created the heavens and the earth and what is between them except with truth”.

God commanded meditation upon His creation and reflection on His revelation when He says, “Have they not considered the dominion of the heavens and the earth, and that God created from nothing” and the Almighty says, “Reflect on the creation of the heavens and the earth” and “Will they not ponder the Qur’an”, “Have they not pondered the speech”; He says “So let them ponder His signs and verses and let the people of intellect remember”. The command to meditate and reflect comes in the form of rhetorical questioning so as to be more eloquent in statement and more conducive to thought.

It was reflection and contemplation which were the means to understanding the reality of the wisdom of creation and the benefit which is contained in the provisions and judgments of truth and the right (al-haqq). These distinctions are not found in any religion with such clarity and cohesion. Proceeding from this came the objectives of the law (maqasid al-sharia) representing a complete system, attributing sharia to rational origins safeguarding people’s interests and staving off evils. This has all arisen after thoroughly examining the sharia, and it has been developed in the best interests of the people via induction and investigation—al-Razi does not dispute this, nor does anyone else according to al-Shatibi.

As for difference in opinion (ikhtilaf) in the discernment of good and bad among rational minds without recourse to revelation (cf. al-tahsin wa al-taqbih al-‘aqliyyan), or Islamic distinctions between good and better (al-salah wa al-aslah, cf. utilitarianism), the matter is indicative of the status of reason—and it is a subject we will take up later.

Ultimately, there is no conflict between reason and revelation. The Islamic religion, for example, does not accept the rational impossibility of the trinity, which claims that three are one and one is three, or that God is transubstantiated in Man. Which is more rational true: the doctrine of the trinity or pure monotheism? Many Western theologians who converted to Islam did so because of the inherent rationality they found in it, while also recognising that what they found in their own religions did not always correlate to reason. Even the 1793 French Revolution, when it organised ritual glorification of reason to eliminate the beliefs and practices of the church, reflected its own narrow and irrational beliefs and practices according to the opinions of Enlightenment philosophers. Thus was born secularism. How then, after that, can there be harmony between the Catholic Church and Western rational philosophy?

We must return to Ibn Hazm’s doctrine of the divine will to clarify the truths.

Translated by
Yusuf Lenfest

Western interest in Islamic economics and finance is, in our estimation, due to the following reasons:

First, because there is no religious moral economy with credibility today except in Islam.

Second, the rationality enjoyed by Islamic economics — even if it has its origins and basic elements in the revelation to the Prophet — is the result of an ijtihad (diligence in independent reasoning) systematically practiced in reading the sacred texts and noting the human experience. This diligence has employed the most accurate tools of rational deduction, extrapolation, inference and representative analogies, and its jurists were also first-class philosophers.

Third, the billions of dollars that now exist in Islamic banks — and perhaps it is this that is of the utmost importance.

Fourth, Islamic law is consistent with the capitalist system in many ways, although it differs with it in some issues, which perhaps it can help to re-formulate.

Fifth, the Islamic system is a balanced system.

Translated by Yusuf Lenfest