In which language were the Torah, the Evangel and the Psalms sent down?

The Torah was sent down in Hebrew, assuming that what exists now is the original Torah. The Jews say that Moses (peace and blessings be upon him) broke the Tablets. Of course, we read in the Quran that Almighty Allah said “So when Moses’ wrath abated, her retrieved the Tablets.”
Thus, to us the Tablets were not broken, though they say that he broke them and thus he needed to rewrite the Torah. But they also say that the Torah was totally lost during the Babylonian captivity and was written thereafter by one of the prophets of the children of Israel. It is said that he found a copy of it and rewrote it. Anyway, it is beyond doubt that there are many distortions and alterations in the Torah. But it apparently was sent down in Hebrew. The Psalms were also in Hebrew, for David was one of the prophets of Israel. As for Jesus, none knows if the language he spoke was Aramaic or Hebrew. This is not clearly determined in history.
In addition, the existent four gospels were written such a long time after Jesus that it is hard to say that they constitute what was sent down to and spread by Jesus. Some of the Apostles wrote the gospels: the gospel of Luke, the gospel Peter, the gospel of Mathew and the gospel of John. These four gospels were written after Jesus (peace and blessings be upon him). Therefore, none knows whether they were written in Aramaic or in Hebrew. Allah knows best. Now the gospels are in other languages, after being translated into Latin and then to English, such as the James’s Gospel. Thus, the gospels are now in languages other than their original ones.

If a slaughterer mentioned another name along with the Name of Allah when slaughtering an animal, would that animal be lawful to be eaten? For example, someone said, “In the name of Allah, in the name of the Messenger.”

It is not permissible to mention other than the Name of Almighty Allah when slaughtering an animal. But is this slaughter valid or not? If he did not intend with this word to associate others with Almighty Allah, but it was just to seek blessings, the animal he slaughtered would be lawful.
Nevertheless, in this case we should advise him not to add any other name to the Name of Almighty Allah. Almighty Allah says, “Thus you shall not eat of that over which the name of Allah has not been mentioned.” However, if he did not intend to associate others with Allah, we cannot go to the extent of deeming the animal he slaughtered as unlawful. Allah knows best.

Does the one who does not have residency and fears the authorities become remitted from the obligation of Friday Payer, taking into account that if he is found by the authorities, there will be no great hazard.

If the consequences will be simple, he has to go to Friday Prayer. But if the case is that if he goes to Friday Prayer, he will suffer great losses or imprisonment, this remits him from the obligation of Friday Prayer and thus it becomes permissible for him to pray at home.

Is it permissible for a Muslim man to marry a non Muslim woman?

Yes, if she is Jewish or Christian, he may marry her. There is no problem within this.

A man gifted a spacious land that includes many farms to his sons, to the exclusion of his daughters. He was fully responsible and competent when he did this. After his death, the documents remained with his sons and they did not distribute them. Is it permissible for any of the partners to prevent the others from examining these documents and knowing their content?

What this man did is not permissible, though some scholars regard this gift as having valid consequences. But the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) has prohibited unfair gifts. One must not be unfair with his children. When Bashir, father of al-Nu`man, asked the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) to bear witness to his gift, he said, “I do not bear witness to injustice.” It is not permissible to give gifts to some of his children to the exclusion of others. He should have distributed his property among his children according to their shares in inheritance. He could have given the male a double share of that of the female. There is nothing to disallow this. But it is not permissible to exclude the daughters totally. Therefore, if this case is taken to a Hanbilite judge, he will invalidate it. The Malikites and the Shafi`ites validate such a gift; but the Hanbilites do not, and this is closer to the text and more proper. As for the documents, all the heirs have a right to have them. Thus, the judge before whom the case is submitted should demand the heirs who possess these documents to bring them, because no one has the right to possess them to the exclusion of others. Allah knows best.